一、 城市与乡村的定义
在中国人们生活的环境,城市和乡村是截然不同的,城市是一个相对商业集中的地方,所有的机构都在其中,无论你要购物、吃饭、工作、娱乐,甚至看病,都必须进城,人们居住在城里,局限在一个相对狭小的空间,造成了很多不便。但人们还是意守在城里,不愿出城,因为一旦远离城市,就更加不方便,衣食住行都比不上城里。所以在中国,城市就是城市,乡村就是乡村。在美国,不管是在纽约还是在洛杉矶,没有绝对的城市和乡村的区别,只有城中心有一个很小的相对集中的地方,其它都是像卫星一样幅射出去的各个城市和区域,每一个区域都有自己自成体系一套系统,商店、饭馆、医院、学校,为居住在该区域的人提供了很大方便。人们不需要做什么事都涌到市中心去,在自己所居住的区域里都可以办到。这就是中国和美国最大的不同的地方。
二、 美国的房地产制度健全
在美国的买卖房屋里面,有许多的第三方机构来协助买卖房屋的
进程,这里面有估价公司,房屋检查,公证公司,银行、以及经
纪人制度,产权保险公司等等,每一个机构都在买卖过程中发挥
自己的功能,保证房屋买卖的公平和合理,也保证买卖过程的每
一个环节尽善尽美,没有瑕疵。使房地产行业能够公平、透明,
健康、蓬勃的发展。
中国的房地产事业近几年刚刚起步,还不够完善。无论是中介制
度还是买卖过程,都存在许多问题。政府在不同时段的宏观调控
变幻莫测,让人无所适从。整个房地产市场的投机行为远超过房
地产实际需求。
三、 产权的不同
美国是私有财产制,房屋的买卖包括土地,就是说,你买房的同
时也同时买下了盖房子的那块地。而且美国的产权是永久性的,
而中国的住宅产权是七十年期限,一般商业房产期限只有五十年。

四、 房产税不同
在美国,只要你拥有房子,你就要交纳房地产税,美国通常为1-3%,加州差不多在1.2-2.0%之间。各州都有自己不同的标准。所以你买了房子以后,每年都要交房地产税,变成你拥有财产的持有成本,这也使得美国房屋的空置率降低,相对抑制了投机者的炒房行为。我们知道,目前在中国有30%以上的空置房屋,主要是因为人们把买房当成是投机,购房后不是入住或出租,而是空置等待房地产市场短期内爆涨,所以大部分投资房都是空置的。中国为了抑制房屋的空置率,也开始在几个大城市试验征收房产税,但房产税率只有0.5%左右,不能起到预期抑制炒房的作用。
五、 房源系统不同
在美国和中国的房地产市场里面,有一个根本上的差异,就是他们的房源系统。在中国,没有一个统一的房源,各
家房地产公司,只卖自己卖的房子,或者与少部分关系好的同业交换房源,但范围大多很小,局限性很大。
美国有一个房源共享系统MLS,每一个纪纪人都把房源信息,传输到这个系统上,所有上市的房子在这个系统中都
非常透明,一目了然。我可以带着我的客人找到他满意的房子,而这房子不必是我所卖的。别的经纪人也是同样,
可以带着他们的客人来买我卖的房子。彼此互利互惠,藏污纳垢的事相对减少。整个房地产市场因此而蓬勃。
六、 支付佣金方式不同
在美国房地产买卖时,佣金一律由卖方负担,屋主在委托经纪人出售房屋时,就订立了合同,佣金一般在 6%左
右。 当买主由别的经纪人带领来买房时,卖主经纪人需分一半的佣金给买方经纪人。美国为什么规定由卖主来支
付双方经纪人的佣金,主要是因为在买卖过程中,卖主是取得金钱的一方,而买主是付钱的一方。在中国正好相
反,由买方支付佣金。
七、 房子的概念不同
在中国,所谓买房,指的是买公寓房、买新房。而在美国,买房一般是指二手房,独立房。这里特别要强调的是,美国的独立房,并不是中国人所说的别墅。虽然有些独立房在外观上和别墅差不多,但美国的独立房中也有非常老旧,需要修缮的房屋,称这些独立屋为别墅,似乎不太恰当。同样是独立屋,可以是上千万美金的豪宅,也可以三、五万的破烂房子。
在美国除了独立屋之外,还有一种房子叫康斗,或城市屋,这是一种由两户以上连着墙的房屋,也可叫做连排房屋。这类连排屋的价值比独立屋低得多,因为它占有的土地面积比独立屋小得多。当然也要看房子所在的地点和城市的等级。我们在这里所谓的比较,连排屋比独立屋便宜,是指在同一地区。在美国房屋的价值取决於两项,土地及建筑物。建筑物随着年代的久远会越来越便宜,而土地则根据地区的开发和环境改变而增值。
八、 贷款的政策不同
在美国贷款买房,绝大部分是贷款期限为固定利率的十五年和三十年。美国的贷款也有浮动利率,但用的人很少,因为贷款人要自己承担利率上升的风险。在美国不论你用什么方式贷款,都可以在贷款没有到期之前,重新贷款或全部还清。除非是房价贬值,你的房价还不了银行的贷款,你需要补足差额, 否则银行就不会同意你重新贷款。
在中国贷款是采用浮动利率,按照市场的变化,购房者需自己承担利率变化的风险。我对中国的贷款市场并不了解,但目前尚未听到哪位购房者可以重新贷款的消息。恐怕是因为使用浮动利率的关系,所以无需重新贷款。还有一个有趣的问题是在美国叫贷款,而在中国叫按揭。
九、 贷款的利息可以抵税
在美国购买房子后,你支付的贷款利息可以从个人所得税中扣除。这是政府为了鼓励民众自购房屋的优惠政策。美国的税赋比较重,如果你年薪五万,购买价值四十万左右的房屋,贷款三十万,每月要支付贷款约一千八百元,其中利息平均一千五百块,一年是一万八千块,在年终报税时,扣除一万八千块的利息,你的报税基数就降低为三万二千,节省了很多。所以租房不如买房,就是这个道理。
十、 计算房屋面积的尺度不同
在美国用平方英尺来计算房屋的面积,而中国是用公制平方米,1平方米等於10.764平方英尺。在美国通常是按使用面积计算,车库不算在内。而中国是按建筑面积计算。
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